Ilex integra

Common Name

Ilex integra is commonly known as the toothed holly.

Description

Ilex integra is an evergreen shrub or small tree known for its glossy foliage and berries. Key characteristics include:

• Height: Typically grows between 3-10 meters (10-33 feet) tall, but can vary depending on conditions and pruning.
• Leaves: The leaves are leathery, elliptical to lanceolate, 5-10 cm long, with sharply toothed margins. They are dark green and glossy, turning slightly yellowish in winter.
• Flowers: Small, white flowers bloom in spring, typically inconspicuous.
• Fruit: The fruit is a small, round, black or dark purple berry-like drupe, about 6-8 mm in diameter, produced in clusters. The berries persist through winter and are an important food source for birds.

Location/Distribution

Ilex integra is native to East Asia. Its distribution includes:

• Japan: Found throughout the country, especially in forests and woodland edges.
• Korea: Common in various regions.
• China: Occurs in several provinces, including northeastern and central regions.
• Introduced Areas: It has been introduced as an ornamental plant in parts of North America and Europe.

Environmental Concerns

Ilex integra is generally considered beneficial, but there are some environmental considerations:

• Invasive Potential: In some regions where it has been introduced, it can potentially spread into natural habitats and outcompete native vegetation.
• Ecological Impact: Dense thickets of Japanese holly can alter local ecosystems, affecting the composition and structure of plant communities.
• Urban Use: In urban areas, where it is often planted as an ornamental shrub, it can escape cultivation and become naturalized, leading to potential ecological impacts.

Other Information

• Ornamental Use: Japanese holly is highly valued as an ornamental shrub for its attractive foliage and berries. It is used in gardens, parks, and landscapes as a hedge, border plant, or specimen shrub.
• Cultural Significance: In Japan, the berries of Ilex integra are used to make a traditional alcoholic beverage called “kuro-moji” or “shikomi.” The shrub also holds cultural and symbolic importance in various contexts.
• Wildlife Value: The berries are a food source for birds, contributing to wildlife habitat and biodiversity in both natural and urban landscapes.
• Growth Conditions: Prefers well-drained soils and partial shade to full sun. It is adaptable to various soil types but performs best in fertile, moist soils. Once established, Japanese holly is relatively drought-tolerant.
• Conservation Status: Not currently listed as endangered. In its native range, it is a common species with stable populations.

Overall, Ilex integra is a versatile and attractive shrub with significant ornamental and ecological value. Careful consideration and management are necessary to prevent potential ecological impacts when introducing it into non-native areas.